Before knowing the method and rule of Othman bin Affan - may God be pleased with him, the caliph around whom the hadiths move in the old and the new, because the discord between the two poles of the nation, Sunni and Shiite, It actually started from his reign - may God be pleased with him. We must get to know his personal characteristics, his family, and a brief account of his life, as we did with the previous caliphs - may God be pleased with them all and make them pleased.
The name
Othman Bin-Affan
Nicknames
He is one of the ten promised Paradise
From ex to Islam
The third of the Rightly Guided Caliphs
Dhul-Nurayyin
(because he married two of the Prophet’s daughters, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, “Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum”)
his life before Islam
The Birth
Othman - may God be pleased with him - was born in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, and it was said in Taif, six years after the Year of the Elephant
His father
Hafan bin Abi Al-Aas bin Umayyah bin Abd Shams bin Abd Manaf bin Qusai bin Kilab bin Luay bin Ghalib bin Fahr bin Malik bin Al-Nadr bin Kinana bin Khuzaymah bin Mudraka bin Elias bin Mudar bin Nizar bin Maad bin Adnan, from the womb of the Umayyads and its masters, and he was generous One of the wealthy people of Makkah, he died in the Jahiliyyah, and he is the cousin of the great companion Abu Sufyan bin Harb - may God be pleased with him - his lineage meets the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace in Abd Manaf
his momther
The venerable companion Arwa bint Kariz between Rabi`ah bin Habib bin Abd Shams bin Abd Manaf bin Qusai bin Murrah bin Ka`b bin Luay bin Ghalib bin Fahr bin Malik, Ibn al-Nadr bin Kinana bin Khuzaymah bin Mudraka bin Elias bin Mudar bin Nizar bin Maad bin Adnan - may God be pleased with her - and she is the daughter of the paternal aunt of the Prophet Muhammad - may God bless him and grant him peace - and her mother is Al-Badhaa bint Abd Al-Muttalib.
The tribe
He is from the womb of Umayyah bin Abd Shams bin Abd Manaf, and they are among the great masters of Quraysh, whose lineage coincides with that of the Messenger Muhammad - may God bless him and grant him peace.
The honor in his people
Othman bin Affan was rich and honorable in pre-Islamic times
One of the wisest of Quraysh in mind and the best of them in opinion
He was loved by the Qurayshites
He was aware of the knowledge of the Arabs in the pre-Islamic period of genealogy, proverbs and chronicles.
his travels
He traveled to the Levant and Abyssinia and lived with people other than the Arabs, so he knew from their conditions and their phases what no one else from his people knew.
his work before Islam
He worked in the trade that he inherited from his father, and his wealth grew, and he became one of the men of the Umayyads who had a position in all of the Quraysh.
Which is famous for
Generous - great wealth
very shy
Beloved among his people before Islam and after entering Islam
A worshiper of God, ascetic in his world
Gentle emotions
Much benevolence
He was not a preacher
He was the most knowledgeable of the companions of the rituals
memorize the Qur’an
He was not austere like Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, but he used to eat soft food
The physical characteristics
He was a pretty face
well look
And he - may God be pleased with him - was neither tall nor short, so he was between that
He was big and strong
long hands
Thick hair on the hands
And long beard
He says about himself, may God be pleased with him
“I did not sing nor wished, I did not touch my dhikr ( privte part) with my right hand since I pledged allegiance to the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace with it, I did not drink alcohol during Jahiliyyah or Islam, I did not commit adultery during Jahiliyyah or during Islam.
His religion before Islam
He did not worship an idol throughout his life
He did not drink alcohol before Islam
Islam Othman bin Affan
Othman, may God be pleased with him, was nearly thirty-four years old when Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq invited him to Islam, He was not known to be sluggish or stutter, rather he was proactive and immediately responded to the invitation of Abo Bkr Al - Sedeeeq, thus, he was one of the first forerunners, and thus was the fourth of the men to convert to Islam.
Perhaps this precedence to Islam was the result of
What happened to him upon his return from the Levant, and he, may God be pleased with him, narrated it to the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, when he and Talha bin Obaidullah entered upon him, so he introduced Islam to them and read the Qur’an to them, and informed them of the rights of Islam, and promised them honor from God, So he believed and was truthful. Then Othman said: “O Messenger of God, I presented a talking from the Levant, When it was between Ma’an and Zarqa ( two places) we were like sleeping, and a caller called out to us: O sleepers, get up, for Ahmed has get out in Mecca. So we came and we heard you.
The story of his purchase of the Ruma well
The story goes back to the "well of Rumah", which belonged to one of the Companions, and his name was "Ruma Al-Ghafari", and he used to sell water from it in exchange for a mudd full of barley or wheat, The Messenger, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, said to him: “You will sell it for an eye in Paradise", He said, O Messenger of God, I do not have an eye other than that I can not, this reached Othman bin Affan, who bought it for 35 thousand dirhams, then he came to the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, and said, “Will you make for me the same as the one for whom you made an eye in Paradise?” If I bought it, the Holy Prophet said: “Yes.” Othman said, “I bought it and made it for the Muslims.”
The story of his marriage to the daughter of the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace -
His marriage to Ruqayyah - may God be pleased with her -
The Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, married Ruqayyah to Utbah bin Abi Lahab, and the husband of her sister, Umm Kulthum, Otaiba bin Abi Lahab, when Surah Al-Masd was revealed: {Abu Lahab's hand perished and perished, His money did not avail him nor he erned, he will pray a blazing fire, and his wife a bearer of firewood, Around her neck is a rope of fibers } (Al-Masad: 1-5) Abu Lahab and their mother, Umm Jamil bint Harb bin Umayyah, said to them: separated the two daughters of Muhammad, and they separated them, before they entered with them, as an honor from God Almighty for them, and humiliation to the sons of Abi Lahab.
As for his marriage to Umm Kulthum, the second daughter of the Messenger of God
On the authority of Abu Hurairah, may God be pleased with him, that the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, He stood at the door of the mosque and said: “O Uthman, This is Gabriel who told me that God has marriage you Umm Kulthum with like the dowry of Ruqaya, and on the likeness of her companionship, that was in the third year of the Prophet’s migration, in Rabi’ al-Awwal, and he built with her in Jumada al-Akhira. And when Umm Kulthum passed away - may God be pleased with her - In Sha'ban in the year 9 AH, Othman, may God be pleased with him, was affected and grieved greatly over his separation from Umm Kulthum, and the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, saw Othman walking broken, and on his face was sadness at what befell him, so he came close to him and said: If we had a third wife, we would have married her to you, Othman, this is evidence of the love of the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, to Uthman, and the evidence of Othman’s loyalty to his Prophet and his reverence, and in it is evidence to negate what people used to be pessimistic, In such a place, God's destiny is past and His command is enforceable, and there is no reversal of His command.
We are satisfied with this amount of his wives - may God be pleased with him - except for what is useful in the context later.
In the previous article, we dealt with the story of Uthman bin Affan - may God be pleased with him - assuming the leadership of the Muslims, and here in this article we will talk about his achievements and failures - if the expression is correct in ruling Muslims in his time - And then Othman - may God be pleased with him - took over the caliphate at the age of 68, after the companions consulted among themselves, then they agreed on choosing Othman, and the Muslims in the mosque pledged allegiance to him in general in the year 23 AH, so he became the third of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
His worship - may God be pleased with him -
He was - may God be pleased with him - one of the diligent in worship, and it has been narrated from more than one way that he prayed the great Qur’an in one rak’ah at the Black Stone during the Hajj, this was his habit. And he used to start the Qur’an on Friday night and finish it on Thursday night, and he used to fast all the time, and he used to pray every night except for a sigh from the beginning, on the authority of Abd al-Rahman bin Othman al-Qurashi, “The Messenger of God entered upon his daughter Ruqayyah, while she was washing Othman’s head, He said: “My daughter, do good to Abu Abdullah, for he resembles my companions to me in morals.
Mrs. Aisha, may God be pleased with her, says
Mrs. Aisha, may God be pleased with her: The Messenger of God was lying in his house, revealing his legs, so Abu Bakr asked permission, and he granted him permission, so he entered while he was in that state, and he spoke, then Umar asked for permission, and he gave him permission, and he was like that, so he spoke. then Uthman asked permission, so the Messenger of God sat down and straightened his clothes, Aisha said: O Messenger of God, Abu Bakr entered, and you did not stir for him, nor did you care for him. Then Omar entered, and you did not stir for him, nor did you care for him, then Uthman entered and you sat down and straightened your clothes?! The Messenger of God said: Should I not feel shy of a man whom the angels feel shy of?
His achievements for Islam and Muslims
1 - His entrustment with the expansion of the Prophet’s Mosque in the year 29-30 AH
Ibn al-Najjar says: “And the people of remembrance mentioned that when Uthman, may God be pleased with him, took over the caliphate in the year twenty-four, people asked him to add more in their mosque, and they complained to him of its narrow on Friday, They even pray in the vastness of the mosque.” Abu Dawud narrated on the authority of Ibn Omar, may God be pleased with him, that he said: the Masjid of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, had its masts at the time of the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, made of palm trunks, the above is shaded by palm branches, then it grunt during the caliphate of Abu Bakr, may God be pleased with him, so we built it with palm trunks and palm branches, then it grunt during the caliphate of Othman, may God be pleased with him, we built it with bricks (for burnt brick prepared for construction), and it has not remained stable until now.
The steps he took before the expansion - may God be pleased with him -
1- Shura
Uthman consulted with the people of opinion among the companions of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and they gathered to destroy it and add to it, so he led the people in the noon prayer, then he ascended the pulpit, praising God Almighty and praising Him, then he said. I wanted to demolish the mosque of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and add to it, and I testify that I heard the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, say: “Whoever builds a mosque, God Almighty will build for him a house in Paradise.
2- The method of construction
As for the method of construction, it differed from the previous one, as stone replaced mud bricks, so the mosque was built with carved stones (engraved) and plaster, Its columns were also built of hewn stone, and pieces of iron covered with molten lead were placed in them, in order to hold the stones of the columns together, the mosque has preserved the six gates, which were during the era of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, Othman - may God be pleased with him - did not increase in its expansion of the Noble Prophet’s Mosque from the eastern side due to the presence of the rooms of the mothers of the believers - may God be pleased with them - this is as his predecessor did before, provided that the expansion included some of the floors that were surrounding the Noble Prophet’s Mosque, as it was included in its expansion by purchase, or substitute for it, and this role is as follows:
The house of Hafsa bint Umar ibn al-Khattab - may God be pleased with them both -
Jaafar bin Abi Talib House
- Dar Marwan bin Al-Hakam
4- Uthman took Al maqsura (the cabin)
The maqsura was not known during the time of the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, nor during the time of Abu Bakr and Umar, may God be pleased with them. But it knew after that, Ibn Shabah and Ibn Zabalah narrated: The first to make the maqsura with the milk bricks by Othman bin Affan - May God be pleased with him - and that there were windows through which people looked at the imam, 5- The amount of Uthman's increase - may God be pleased with him, the increase of Uthman, may God be pleased with him, from the direction of the qiblah, was ten cubits (5 metres) at its mihrab, which is still the chapel of the imam of the Prophet’s Mosque in our time.
2 - The Establishment of the first Islamic naval fleet
The first to establish an Islamic naval fleet, the third caliph, our master Othman bin Affan, may God be pleased with him, had two lights. The idea was to create the first naval fleet for the Islamic army, during the reign of Caliph Othman bin Affan, may God be pleased with him, when he referred to our master Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan, to continue working on the establishment of the Islamic naval fleet, within the framework of development and work to increase and raise the efficiency of the Islamic armies, where he himself supervised the project to establish this large naval fleet, and when a marine fleet of ships was established in the era of the Islamic Caliphate, the Muslims gathered the ships of this fleet from the ports of the Levant and Egypt, after that, they set out to build ships in the industrial houses, and introduced weapons to this fleet, for this fleet to become the first military naval fleet that the Muslims adopted in the military strategy, and they entered history with it.
3- Take a house for the judiciary
He make two basic sections things for the judiciary
1- Preserving the texts of the Prophet’s covenant in the judiciary, adhering to what came therein, walking in its footsteps, and continuing to abide by it.
2- Developing new judicial regulations to consolidate the foundations of the broad Islamic state, and to confront the various developments.
Al-Faruq was able
with the help of God, and then his brilliant genius to develop the judiciary institution of the Islamic state, and it had rules and systems, from which the Rightly Guided Caliph Othman, may God be pleased with him, benefited from it, Al-Faruq was able, with the help of God, and then his brilliant genius to develop the judiciary institution of the Islamic state, and it had rules and systems, from which the Rightly Guided Caliph Othman, may God be pleased with him, benefited from it.
Did Othman bin Affan dismissed (the judges who were in the era of Umar bin Al-Khattab) , may God be pleased with them?
He was in charge of the Madinah at that time (Ali Ibn Abi Talib, Zaid Ibn Thabit, and As-Sa’ib Ibn Yazid, may God be pleased with them) some researchers mention that Uthman did not allow any of these judges to decide on a case independently, as was the case during the era of Umar, May God be pleased with him. rather, he used to look into the disputes himself, and he consulted these and other companions about what he ruled. If their opinion agreed with his opinion; spent it, And if their opinion does not agree with his opinion; He looked into the matter after that, and this means: Uthman, may God be pleased with him, had exempted the three judges in Medina from the jurisdiction of the judiciary, and he kept them as his advisors in every quarrel brought to him, along with consulting others.
Some narrators see
There is no clear text stating the exemption, and the most that was stated in that indicates that Uthman, may God be pleased with him, approved the judges of Umar in Medina, but he charged them with looking into many major cases while consulting them in them.
How was Othman appointed judges?
Sometimes he appoints judges over the provinces, such as when he appointed Ka'b bin Sur over the district of Basra, and the judiciary is left to the governor at another time, such as his request from his governor over Basra, to perform the judiciary between the people in addition to the work of the mandate, and that after the dismissal of Kaab Ibn Sur, Likewise, Ya`la ibn Umayyah was a ruler and judge over Sanaa.
notes
That some governors used to choose the judges of their countries themselves, and they would be responsible before them, if this indicate to somethind, it's indicate to increase the influence of governors in his succession more than judges.
And what is narrated from Othman
His books and letters to the rulers of the regions and to the commanders of the soldiers in the frontiers, and to the general Muslims, and this leads to the most likely belief that he made the judiciary, It is the prerogative of the governors, who undertake it themselves, or appoint for it someone who can do it, at a time when we find a lot of correspondence between Omar and the judges of the cities, we find a dearth of correspondence during the era of Othman between him and those judges.
Ibn Omar apologizes for the judiciary:
Othman said to Ibn Omar: Judge between the people. He said: I do not judge between two people, and I do not lead two men in prayer. Have you not heard the Prophet (peace be upon him) say: He who seeks refuge in God has sought refuge in the one who seeks refuge in Him. » Othman said: Yes! He said: I seek refuge in God that you use me! So he forgave him, and said: Do not tell this to anyone.
The courthouse
Some history books mention: One of the exploits of Dhul-Nourayn is that he made it a house of justice, as it appears from a narration narrated by Ibn Asaker on the authority of Abu Salih, the mawla of al-Abbas, He said: Al-Abbas sent me to Othman to invite him, so I came to him in the Court of Justice ... until the end of the hadith. So Othman would be the first to adopt a house of justice in Islam, the two caliphs before him used to sit for judges in the mosque, as is well known.
4- Collecting the Qur’an into one book
Othman sent to the Mother of the Believers, Hafsa bint Umar, may God be pleased with her, and she sent him the sheets in which the Qur’an was collected during the reign of Abu Bakr, may God be pleased with him, the committee received these newspapers and considered them the main source for this great sermon, and then proceeded to copy them, according to the constitution drawn up for them by Uthman, may God be pleased with him, He said to the three Quraishites: “If you and Zaid bin Thabit disagree about something from the Qur’an, then write it in the language of Quraysh, It was only revealed by their tongue.” And in al-Tirmidhi, al-Zuhri said: So they differed on that day about (the coffin and the coffin), so the Quraishites said the coffin, ( in Arabic there is a extra letter) and Zaid said the coffin, so their disagreement was raised to Uthman, and he said, “Write it down the coffin , for it was revealed in the tongue of the Quraysh.” What was mentioned of their methodology was that they were, they do not write anything in these copies except after verifying that it is a recited and not abrogated Qur’an, by presenting it to the companions who recited it, but if it was proven that something of that was copied, they left it, and it is what is called today: “abnormal readings.”
6- The equipping Army al-Usra at its own expense
The Battle of Tabuk is said to be the Battle of Al-Usrah ( the distress) The Messenger of God delegated the people to go out and told them the place he wanted to prepare for that, and he sent to Mecca and to the Arab tribes mobilizing them and ordering the people to give alms, and he urged them to spend money and lambs, so they brought a lot of alms, so Othman equipped a third of the army, equipped them with nine hundred and fifty camels and fifty horses, Ibn Ishaq said: Othman spent a great deal on that army, as no one else spent like it, and it was said: Othman brought a thousand dinars in his sleeve when he prepared the army of Al-Usra, so he scattered them on the lap of the Messenger of God.
5 - Financial policy in his time - may God be pleased with him -
1 - Taking what is owed by the Muslims by right to the treasury of the Muslims.
Giving Muslims what they have from the Muslim treasury. Taking what is owed by the people of the dhimma to house the Muslims’ money with the right and giving them what they have and not oppressing them.
2- Kharaj ( what comes out of the land yield) workers must be created with honesty and loyalty
Avoiding any financial deviations resulting from the integration of blessings for the public.
From what we take from the story of Othman - may God be pleased with him and make him satisfied -
1 - The rich, handsome man, the skilled trader, who is known for his sobriety of mind among his people, qualities that are rarely carried by one person in himself and offers him to change his religion and he can, as recent studies prove that one of the most difficult things in life is to change from one religion to another.
2- As for the moral qualities, this is something that was very rare in the pre-Islamic society, such as modesty, not drinking alcohol, and not worshiping idols, If anything indicates the essence of these personalities to whom Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq offered Islam to them, since it is not possible for someone who is characterized by physical characteristics, strong physical structure, correct mind, abundant money, and fame among his people, to refuse to accept taboos that were not taboos at the time.
3 - Othman's generosity is one of the most severe things known about him - may God be pleased with him and make him satisfied - the well of Rumah, and a third of the Al-Usra Army is distributed among all Muslims, not just one person, but he is not an ordinary person, he is the one of the two lights.
4 - We will suffice with this amount of his honorable biography, and we will review in the next article, God willing (his killing and his martyrdom, the sedition, and the suspicions raised about him that have no conclusive evidence)
The links
https://islamonline.net/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B0%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86/
https://www.marefa.org/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86
https://mawdoo3.com/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B5_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86
https://marifeh.com/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87/
https://www.facebook.com/gdnnlkaalaheba/posts/416008611918349/
http://alsallabi.com/article/1106
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