1 - علي الأب مسؤولية اجبارية من الشرع
6842- عن وهب بن جابر، يقول : إن مولى لعبد الله بن عمرو، قال له: إني أريد أن أقيم هذا الشهر هاهنا ببيت المقدس؟ فقال له: تركت لأهلك ما يقوتهم هذا الشهر؟ قال: لا، قال: فارجع إلى أهلك فاترك لهم ما يقوتهم، فإني سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول: " كفى بالمرء إثما أن يضيع من يقوت "
2 - ضرورة الإنفاق علي الأسرة
أن ينفق الرجل على أسرته ويرعى مصالحها، فلا يجوز للأب أن يقصر في النفقة على الأولاد أو يبذّرها، بل يجب عليه أن يقوم بها على أكمل وجه.
3 - البدء بالأولاد قبل أي احد ولو كان من الأقارب
ولا يجوز للمسلم أن يضيع النفقة على أولاده بحجة أنه ينفق على أولاد أخيه، قال صلى الله عليه وسلم: وابدأ بمن تعول. رواه مسلم، حديث أبي مسعود الأنصاري رضي الله عنه
4 - لابد من إعفاف من وجبت نفقته عليه
قال المرداوي في كِتاب الإنصاف: يَجِب علَى الرجلِ إعفاف من وجبت نفقتهُ عليْهِ منْ الآبَاءِ والأجداد والأَبْنَاءِ وَأَبْنَائِهِمْ وَغَيْرِهِمْ ، ممن تجب عليه نفقتهم . وَهَذَا الصَّحِيحُ مِنْ الْمَذْهَبِ .انتهى
5 - مشروعية احتساب الإنفاق علي الأولاد أو الأهل كصدقة
٩٨ - عن أبي مسعود الأنصاري - رضي الله عنه - عن النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - قال: ((إذا أنفق المسلم نفقة على أهله، وهو يحتسبها كانت له صدقة))متفق عليه.
6 - إنفاقك علي ولدك بر للولد كما بر الوالدين
عن ابن عمر قال: إنما سماهم الله صالحين لأنهم أكرموا الوالدين والولد، كما أن لأبيك عليك حقاً، فإن لولدك عليك حقاً. انظر الأدب المفرد: 94.
7 - العدل بين الأولاد واجب علي الأب في العطية وفي كل شيء
قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: اتقوا الله واعدلوا بين أولادكم. رواه البخاري.
8- في حالة بخل الأب - الزوج من حق الأم أخذ من ماله بالمعروف
«أنَّ هِنْدَ بنْتَ عُتْبَةَ، قالَتْ: يا رَسولَ اللَّهِ إنَّ أبَا سُفْيَانَ رَجُلٌ شَحِيحٌ وليسَ يُعْطِينِي ما يَكْفِينِي ووَلَدِي، إلَّا ما أخَذْتُ منه وهو لا يَعْلَمُ، فَقالَ: خُذِي ما يَكْفِيكِ ووَلَدَكِ، بالمَعروفِ.»
إذا امتنع الأب عن الإنفاق على أولاده مما يجب عليه أو شيء منه
وهم قادرون على أخذه بغير علمه، فلهم ذلك، وقد أجاز النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لزوجة أبي سفيان أن تأخذ من ماله بغير علمه ما يكفيها وولدها بالمعروف، فقال صلى الله عليه وسلم: خذي ما يكفيك وولدك بالمعروف. البخاري ومسلم، هذا خلاصة ما يفهم من كلام علماء الحنفية في المبسوط 5/223، والمالكية في المدونة 2/263، والشافعية في الأم 8/340، والحنابلة في المغني 8/171.
9- الإنفاق علي الإرضاع في حالة الطلاق
قال تعالي
فَإِنْ أَرْضَعْنَ لَكُمْ فَآتُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ[الطلاق:6] وقال تعالي وَعَلَى الْمَوْلُودِ لَهُ رزْقُهُنَّ وَكِسْوَتُهُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ [البقرة:233].
10 - يجب انفاق الأب علي ابنته حتي تتزوج
ذهب أكثر العلماء إلى أنه يجب عليه أن ينفق عليها حتى تتزوج، وهذا غالب الظن لعدم قدرتها على الكسب، ولأن إلزامها بالكسب يؤدي إلى مفاسد عظيمة، ومن وجب عليه النفقة عليها وجب على الأب أن يعطيها إياها، ويحرم عليه منعها أو الاقتصار عليها؛ لأن هذا حق عليه، ويدخل في النفقة أن يطعمهما، ويلبسها، ويسكنها في مسكن لائق حسب القدرة والعرف، هذا ولا يجوز للأب ـ وهو موسر ـ أن يلزم ابنته بالنفقة على نفسها.
11 - النفقة على الأخت الفقيرة
يجب على الأخ أن ينفق على أخته إذا كانت فقيرة، وهو غني، وكان يرثها إذا ماتت، فإن كان لا يرثها لوجود ابن لها أو لوجود الأب أو الجد (أبو الأب) ، لم تلزمه نفقتها ، ويجوز أن يعطيها زكاة ماله حينئذ
قال ابن قدامة رحمه الله في "المغني" (8/169)
ويشترط لوجوب الإنفاق ثلاثة شروط
الأول
أن يكونوا فقراء, لا مال لهم , ولا كسب يستغنون به عن إنفاق غيرهم , فإن كانوا موسرين بمال أو كسب يستغنون به , فلا نفقة لهم.
الثاني
أن يكون لمن تجب عليه النفقة ما ينفق عليهم , فاضلا عن نفقة نفسه , إما من ماله , وإما من كسبه . فأما من لا يفضل عنه شيء , فليس عليه شيء ; لما روى جابر أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال : (إذا كان أحدكم فقيرا , فليبدأ بنفسه , فإن فضل , فعلى عياله , فإن كان فضل , فعلى قرابته)
الثالث
أن يكون المنفق وارثا ; لقول الله تعالى : (وَعَلَى الْوَارِثِ مِثْلُ ذَلِكَ) . ولأن بين المتوارثين قرابة تقتضي كون الوارث أحق بمال الموروث من سائر الناس , فينبغي أن يختص بوجوب صلته بالنفقة دونهم , فإن لم يكن وارثا , لم تجب عليه النفقة" انتهى بتصرف.
وقال الشيخ ابن عثيمين في "الشرح الممتع" (13/503) :
"القاعدة عندنا : أنه يشترط أن يكون المنفق وارثاً للمنفق عليه ، إلا عمودي النسب [الأصول والفروع] فلا يشترط الإرث " انتهى .
وعلى هذا
فإذا كان الأخ يجب عليه أن ينفق على أخته فلا يجوز أن يدفع زكاة ماله إليها .وإذا كان لا يجب عليه أن ينفق عليها ، جاز له أن يدفع زكاة ماله إليها ، بل ذلك أفضل من دفعها إلى غيرها ممن ليس من أقاربه ، لأنه بذلك ينال ثواب الصدقة وصلة الرحم .
12- إنفاق الأب علي الإبن البالغ
أن ينفق على ابنه ما يحتاج إليه حتى يستغني بنفسه، وقد ذكر العلماء رحمهم الله أن من النفقة الواجبة على الابن على أبيه أن يزوجه إذا احتاج إلى الزواج
قال الشيخ صالح الفوزان -حفظه الله-:
ينتهي حق الابن على أبيه بمجرد استغنائه عنه، إذا كبر وتمكن من الكسب واستغنى بكسبه: وينتهي حقه في النفقة على أبيه، سواء كان صغيراً أو كبيراً، أما إذا لم يستغن ولم يكن قادراً على الكسب: فإنه لا يزال لأبيه حق النفقة عليه حتى يستغني، وذلك مبني على القرابة، "المنتقى من فتاوى الشيخ الفوزان" (3/240).
1 - The father has a mandatory responsibility according to the Sharia
6842- On the authority of Wahb bin Jabir, he said: A freed slave of Abdullah bin Amr said to him: I want to stay here in Jerusalem this month? He said to him: Did you leave for your family what will sustain them this month? He said: No. He said: Then go back to your family and leave to them what will sustain them, for I heard the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, say: “It is enough of a sin for a man to neglect those he is responsible for.”
2 - The necessity of spending on the family
The man must spend on his family and look after its interests. The father must not be negligent in spending on the children or waste it. Rather, he must do so in the best possible way.
3 - Starting with the children before anyone else, even if they are relatives.
It is not permissible for a Muslim to waste spending on his children under the pretext that he is spending on his brother’s children. The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: “Start with those you support.” Narrated by Muslim, Hadith of Abu Masoud Al-Ansari, may God be pleased with him.
4 - It is necessary to provide for the chastity of those whose maintenance is obligatory upon him
Al-Mardawi said in the book Al-Insaf: It is obligatory upon a man to provide for the chastity of those whose maintenance is obligatory upon him, such as fathers, grandfathers, sons, their sons, and others, for whom maintenance is obligatory upon him. This is the correct view of the school of thought. End quote.
5 - The legitimacy of considering spending on children or family as charity
98 - On the authority of Abu Masoud Al-Ansari - may God be pleased with him - on the authority of the Prophet - may God bless him and grant him peace - who said: ((If a Muslim spends on his family, and he expects it, it is considered charity for him)) Agreed upon.
6 - Spending on your child is an act of righteousness towards your child just as you are righteous towards your parents
On the authority of Ibn Omar, he said: God called them righteous because they honored their parents and children. Just as your father has a right over you, your child has a right over you. See Al-Adab Al-Mufrad: 94.
7 - Justice among children is a duty of the father in giving and in everything
The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: Fear God and be just among your children. Narrated by Al-Bukhari.
8- In the case of the father's miserliness - the wife has the right to take from his money in a reasonable manner
"Hind bint Utbah said: O Messenger of Allah, Abu Sufyan is a stingy man and does not give me what is sufficient for me and my child, except what I take from him without his knowledge, so he said: Take what is sufficient for you and your child, in a reasonable manner."
If the father refuses to spend on his children from what is required of him or part of it
and they are able to take it without his knowledge, then they have the right to do so, and the Prophet, may Allah's prayers and peace be upon him, permitted Abu Sufyan's wife to take from his money without his knowledge what is sufficient for her and her child in a reasonable manner, so he, may Allah's prayers and peace be upon him, said: Take what is sufficient for you and your child in a reasonable manner. Al-Bukhari and Muslim. This is the summary of what is understood from the words of the Hanafi scholars in Al-Mabsoot 5/223, the Malikis in Al-Mudawwana 2/263, the Shafi’is in Al-Umm 8/340, and the Hanbalis in Al-Mughni 8/171.
9- Spending on breastfeeding in the event of divorce
God Almighty said
فإن أرضعن لكم فآتوهن أجورهن [الطلاق: 6] وقال الله تعالى: وعلى الوالد رزقه وكسوته بالمعروف [البقرة: 233].
But if they breastfeed for you, then give them their compensation [At-Talaq: 6] and God Almighty said: And upon the father of the child is their provision and clothing on equitable terms [Al-Baqarah: 233].
10 - The father must spend on his daughter until she gets married
Most scholars are of the view that he must spend on her until she gets married, and this is most likely due to her inability to earn, and because obligating her to earn leads to great evils, and whoever is obligated to spend on her, the father must give it to her, and it is forbidden for him to prevent her or limit himself to it; because this is a right upon him, and spending includes feeding them, clothing them, and housing them in a suitable home according to his ability and custom. It is not permissible for the father - even if he is well-off - to oblige his daughter to spend on herself.
11 - The spending on a poor sister
A brother must spend on his sister if she is poor, and he is rich, and he would inherit her if she died. If he does not inherit her because she has a son or because the father or grandfather (father's father) is present, he is not obligated to spend on her, and it is permissible for him to give her the zakat of his wealth in that case.
Ibn Qudamah (may Allah have mercy on him) said in "Al-Mughni" (8/169):
There are three conditions for the obligation of spending.
The first
That they be poor, without money or earnings that would make them independent of spending on others. If they are well-off with money or earnings that would make them independent, then they are not obligated to spend on them.
The second
That the one who is obligated to spend on them has enough to spend on them, in addition to his own expenses, either from his money or from his earnings. As for the one who has nothing left over, then nothing is obligatory on him; Because Jabir narrated that the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: (If one of you is poor, let him start with himself. If he has any surplus, let him give to his family. If he has any surplus, let him give to his relatives.)
Third
That the one who spends should be an heir; because God Almighty said: (And upon the heir is the same). And because there is a kinship between the inheritors that requires the inheritor to be more entitled to the wealth of the deceased than all other people, then he should be singled out for the obligation of maintaining ties with him and not them. If he is not an inheritor, then maintenance is not obligatory upon him.” End quote, with some modifications.
Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen said in “al-Sharh al-Mumti’” (13/503):
“The principle with us is that it is stipulated that the one who is spending should be an heir to the one on whom he is spending, except for the vertical lineage [ancestors and descendants], in which case inheritance is not stipulated.” End quote.
Based on this,
If the brother is obligated to spend on his sister, then it is not permissible for him to give the zakaah of his wealth to her. If he is not obligated to spend on her, then it is permissible for him to give the zakaah of his wealth to her. In fact, that is better than giving it to someone else who is not one of his relatives, because by doing so he will attain the reward of charity and maintaining ties of kinship.
12- The father’s spending on his adult son
He should spend on his son what he needs until he becomes self-sufficient. Scholars, may Allah have mercy on them, have mentioned that one of the obligatory spendings on the son from his father is to marry him off if he needs to get married.
Sheikh Saleh Al-Fawzan - may Allah preserve him - said:
The son’s right over his father ends as soon as he becomes self-sufficient, if he grows up and is able to earn and become self-sufficient with his earnings. His right to spending on his father ends, whether he is young or old. However, if he is not self-sufficient and is not able to earn, then his father still has the right to spending on him until he becomes self-sufficient. This is based on kinship. “Al-Muntaqa min Fatawa Al-Shaykh Al-Fawzan” (3/240).
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