First: How did the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - deal with the People of the Book?
- Hakim bin Hazam passed by Umair bin Saad while he was torturing people for tax in the sun, and he said: O Umair, I heard the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, saying: (Indeed, God punishes those who torture people in this world.) He said: Go and let them go.
God Almighty protects freedom of belief
Allah says
(لَا إِكْرَاهَ فِي الدِّينِ ۖ قَد تَّبَيَّنَ الرُّشْدُ مِنَ الْغَيِّ ۚ)
(There is no compulsion in religion. Rightliness has been clearly distinguished from error.)
He was visiting their patient
On the authority of Anas bin Malik, may God be pleased with him, he said: “A Jewish boy was serving the Prophet - may God bless him and grant him peace - and he fell ill and came to visit him, So he sat at his head and said to him: (I became a Muslim), so he looked at his father while he was with him and said to him: Obey Abu Al-Qasim, so he became a Muslim, Then the Prophet - may God bless him and grant him peace - came out and said: (Praise be to God who saved him from Hell) “Narrated by Al-Bukhari.
He accepted the gift from them and did not return it
Abu Hamid said: The king of Aila gave the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, a white mule, And he covered him with a cloak (a striped garment to cover himself with) and wrote for him in their village, Ibn Ishaq mentioned this in his biography. He said: When the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, reached Tabuk, he came to him with Hannah bin Ru’bah, the owner of Aila, So he reconciled with him and gave him the tribute, and the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, wrote a letter to him, which they have: In the name of God, the most gracious, the most merciful . This is a trust from God and Muhammad the Prophet is the Messenger of God for Bahna bin Ru’bah and the people of Aila,” so he reminded him, He mentioned the story of the Judaism and its gifting of the poisoned sheep to the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace.
It is narrated on the authority of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, that he accepted a gift from the Jewish woman when she presented him with a sheep during the Battle of Khaybar.
And (the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, responded to the invitation of a Jew who invited him in Medina for barley bread and a lot of oil)
Establishing treaties with them
Christians also have the right to practice their religious rituals and not be forced to enter the Islamic religion, He concluded treaties with them, such as the treaties with the Christians of Najran, and with the Christians of Jarba and Adhar, where they protect themselves and their money from attack
The Prophet, may God Almighty’s prayers and peace be upon him, made an alliance with the Jews, in which he stated that in their neighborhoods they would cooperate in repelling the sin, And the Aql of the offender who must pay blood money. Oh. For information, see Fatwa No.:196983. A Aqla whose unable to pay the blood money due to poverty, or a small number, it is paid by the treasury, and if it is not available, it has other ways to pay it - it does not belong here -
He dealt with them in financial matters
On the authority of Ibn Abbas, he said: (The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, died with his armor mortgaged for twenty saa’s, Of the food he took to his family. Al-Tirmidhi said: This is a good and authentic hadith.
He answered all their questions
Imam Ahmad narrated with his chain of transmission on the authority of Ibn Abbas, who said: Jews came to the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and said: O Abu al-Qasim, we ask you about five things, If you inform us of them, we will know that you are a prophet and we will follow you, and we will take upon them what Israel took upon his children When they said, “God is the Protector of what we say.” He said, “Come.” They said, “Tell us about the sign of the Prophet, He said: His eyes sleep but his heart does not sleep. They said: Tell us: How does a woman become feminine and how does she become masculine? told us what Israel forbade himself. He said: He was suffering from sciatica and did not find anything that suited him except such-and-such dairy, My father said: Some of them meant camels, so their meat was forbidden. They said: You are right. They said: Tell us what this thunder is, He said: An angel from the angels of God Almighty entrusted with the clouds in his hand, or in his hand is a prick of fire with which he repulses the clouds and drives them wherever God commands, He said: An angel from the angels of God Almighty entrusted with the clouds in his hand, or in his hand is a prick of fire with which he repulses the clouds and drives them wherever God commands, they said: What is this voice that is heard? He said: His voice. They said: You have spoken the truth, but one remains, and it is the one we pledge allegiance to you if you tell us about it, There is no prophet except that he has an angel who brings him the news, so tell us who your friend is, He said: Gabriel, peace be upon him. They said: Gabriel is the one who sends down war, fighting, and torment, our enemy. If you said Michael is the one who sends down mercy, plants, and drops, it would be so, Then God Almighty revealed: Whoever is an enemy of Gabriel. To the end of the verse. finish.
The constitution or newspaper of the city with the People of the Book
Among the items:
1 - Whoever of the Jews follows us will have victory and an example, neither being oppressed nor taking advantage of them.
2 - “The Jews of Banu Awf are a nation with the believers. The Jews have their religion, Muslims have their religion, their followers and themselves, except for the one who wrongs himself and commits a sin, for he does not harm anyone except himself and his family.
3 - “The Jews will spend with the believers as long as they are at war
4 - And among them is victory over those who fought the people of this newspaper
5- Whoever goes out is safe, and whoever stays in Medina is safe, except for those who are unjust and sinful, God is the In the arm of those who are righteous and pious, and Muhammad is a messenger.
How did the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - appoint a guardian over them?
On the authority of Umm Salamah, may God be pleased with her, that the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, made a will upon his death, saying: ((God God in the Copts of Egypt; for you will prevail over them, and they will be your number, and helpers in the path of God))
If he harmed a one of the people of the book, he harmed me (he said): I said: In Al-Khatib’s narration on the authority of Ibn Masoud: Whoever harms one of the people of the book, I will be his opponent, whoever I oppose, I will oppose him on the Day of Resurrection.
Their right to life
Neither the Prophet nor the Companions would kill a Jew without sin, but for betrayal and treachery the punishment was punishable.
The Prophet did not try to force the Jews to convert to Islam.
Mark Cohen points out that the Jewish people lived under Islamic rule, tolerance and integration
Mark Cohen refers to the time period as a “golden age” for Jews in Andalusia, with more opportunities available to them, the Jewish people found solace under Islamic rule during the Middle Ages. The situation of Jews in Muslim countries was not entirely free from persecution.
The right to own property
The Prophet recognized the right of the Jews to what they wanted and did not attempt to confiscate their property
The Messenger guaranteed the protection of existing Jews as Muslims, and they cooperate with each other against external enemies.
The right to justice and redress of injustice
The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, dealt with the Jews on the basis of equality and removed injustice from them, even if they were persecuted by Muslims, he would not hesitate to rule in favor of a Jew if he was right.
The relationship of the Messenger - may God bless him and grant him peace - with Christians
Christians had the right to practice their religious rituals
Ibn Katheer said in his interpretation: Ibn Ishaq said: Muhammad bin Jaafar bin Al-Zubayr told me, saying: They came to the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, Medina, They entered his mosque when he prayed the afternoon prayer, wearing the garments of a woman: They entered his mosque when he prayed the afternoon prayer, wearing habra clothes (a striped cotton or linen dress that was made in Yemen) A robe (a long-sleeved dress, with wide sleeves, with a slit in the front, worn over clothes) and robes as beautiful as the men of Banu al-Harith ibn Ka’b, He said: Some of the companions of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, who saw them say: We have not seen a delegation like them after them, Their prayer had come, so they stood in the mosque of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, praying, The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: Call them, and they prayed to the east.
The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, recognized their good qualities
Like the Negus: When the Messenger saw the persecution of his companions, and was unable to provide them with protection, he allowed them to emigrate... to Abyssinia; For there is a king under whom no one is wronged.”
The Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - permitted the right of Muslims to seek refuge in the lands of Christians
Abyssinia - or the Kingdom of Aksum - represented a unique situation, as it was a Christian state, but it did not belong to Byzantium, rather, it follows the Coptic Orthodox sect, which was persecuted by Byzantium, which created in the political authority there a state of “understanding” for the idea of escaping persecution, It is not linked to agreements with the Quraish, but rather its relationship with the Quraish and the Arabian Peninsula, It was lukewarm as a result of Arab support for the expulsion of the Abyssinians from Yemen, Which they were occupying, and as a result of the Abyssinian campaign led by Abraha, which had previously raided Mecca. Reaching it does not require the risk of taking roads that pass through allies of the Quraysh, all that is required is to reach some Red Sea ports, such as Jeddah or Yanbu, and then cross the same sea by ship.
His reconciliation with them
So the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - wrote a letter to the people of Najran:
“In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, from Muhammad the Prophet to Bishop Abu Al-Harith and the bishops of Najran, And their priests, and their monks, And all that is under their hands, whether small or large, is the protection of God and His Messenger, A bishop does not change his bishopric, Not a monk from his monastic order, nor a priest from his priesthood, none of their rights, nor their authority, will be changed, nor did they do anything like that, The side of God and His Messenger have never been righteous and sincere over them, neither afflicted with injustice nor wrongdoers.”
In another version: Bishop Abu Al-Harith came to the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and with him was Al-Sayyid Al-Aqib and the leaders of his people, and they stayed with him, listening to what God Almighty revealed, He wrote this letter to the bishop and to the bishops of Najran after him, saying in it: (In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, from Muhammad, the Prophet, Messenger of God, to Bishop Abu Al-Harth and the bishops of Najran, Their priests, their monks, their merchants, and their slaves, and all that is under their hands, whether little or much, A bishop may not change his bishopric, a monk from his monastic order, nor a priest from his priesthood, It does not change any of their rights, their authority, or what they used to be, they will have the protection of God Almighty and His Messenger forever, they are not sincere and correct, not burdened by injustice or wrongdoers.)