قبل أن نشرع في تعامل رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم مع اليهود والنصاري تحديدا (أهل الكتاب) أي كتاب سماوي، لابد أن نعلم أن في العقيدة الإسلامية أن رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم هو الرسول الخاتم، أي لا رسول بعده، ومن قبله لابد أن يدخلوا في دينه صلي الله عليه وسلم (الإسلام) وأنت خبير أن الناس علي دين ملوكها كما يقولون، فما بالنا بالمُلك الديني - إن صح التعبير - فاقرأ كيف تعامل رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم - مع النصاري واليهود، وحاول تذكر تاريخيا: ما فعله ملوك النصاري واليهود حين ملكوا أي بلد ، وماذا فعلوا بالمسلمين ، وحتي اليهود ... اتركك مع قراءة هادئة لا افكار نمطية فيها ... شكراً لك. 
كيف كان رسول الله -صلى الله عليه وسلم- يتعامل مع أهل الكتاب؟
مَرَّ هِشَامُ بنُ حَكِيمِ بنِ حِزَامٍ علَى أُنَاسٍ مِنَ الأنْبَاطِ بالشَّامِ، قدْ أُقِيمُوا في الشَّمْسِ، فَقالَ: ما شَأْنُهُمْ؟ قالوا: حُبِسُوا في الجِزْيَةِ، فَقالَ هِشَامٌ: أَشْهَدُ لَسَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عليه وَسَلَّمَ يقولُ: إنَّ اللَّهَ يُعَذِّبُ الَّذِينَ يُعَذِّبُونَ النَّاسَ في الدُّنْيَا. [وفي رواية]: وَأَمِيرُهُمْ يَومَئذٍ عُمَيْرُ بنُ سَعْدٍ علَى فِلَسْطِينَ، فَدَخَلَ عليه فَحَدَّثَهُ، فأمَرَ بهِمْ فَخُلُّوا.الراوي : هشام بن حكيم بن حزام | المحدث : مسلم | المصدر : صحيح مسلم.
1 - الله تعالي يحمي حرية الإعتقاد
قال تعالي
(لَا إِكْرَاهَ فِي الدِّينِ ۖ قَد تَّبَيَّنَ الرُّشْدُ مِنَ الْغَيِّ ۚ)
نلاحظ أن رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم هو من أوصل القرآن لنا كمسلمين وهو يقول ما يفعله بالفعل صلي الله عليه وسلم
2 - كان رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم يزور مريضهم
عن أنس بن مالك قال:
كان غلامٌ يهودي يخدم النبي ﷺ، فمَرِضَ فأتاه النبي يَعُودهُ، فقعد عند رأسه فقال له: أَسْلِمْ، فنظر إلى أبيه و هو عنده فقال له : أطع أبا القاسم ﷺ. فأسلم، فخرج النبي و هو يقول: الحمد لله الذي أنقذه من النار. رواه البخاري.
نلاحظ: أن رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم هو الرسول الخاتم (عقيدة المسلمين) فطبيعي جداً أن يدعوه للإسلام .
3 - كان رسول الله يقبل الهدية منهم
3161- عن أبي حميد الساعدي، قال: «غزونا مع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم تبوك وأهدى ملك أيلة للنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بغلة بيضاء، وكساه بردا، وكتب له ببحرهم» البخاري
ببحرهم: أي بقريتهم
"يروى عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قبل هدية امرأة يهودية حين أهدته شاة في غزوة خيبر.و (أجاب النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم دعوة يهودي دعاه بالمدينة إلى خبز الشعير والزيت الكثير)"
4 - عقد المعاهدات معهم
كما أن للنصارى الحق في ممارسة شعائرهم الدينية وعدم إجبارهم على الدخول في الدين الإسلامي، فعقد معهم معاهدات، مثل المعاهدات مع نصارى نجران، ومع نصارى الجربا وأذر، حيث يحمون أنفسهم وأموالهم من الاعتداء
وقد عقد النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم حلفاً مع اليهود،فقد جاء في نص الوثيقة
وإن المؤمنين بعضهم موالي بعض دون الناس؛ وإنه من تبعنا من يهود، فإن له النصر والأسوة، غير مظلومين، ولا متناصرين عليهم ....وإن اليهود ينفقون مع المؤمنين ما داموا محاربين؛ وإن يهود بني عوف، أمة مع المؤمنين، لليهود دينهم، وللمسلمين دينهم، مواليهم وأنفسهم، إلا من ظلم وأثم، فإنه لا يوتغ إلا نفسه، وأهل بيته، وإن ليهود بني النجار، مثل ما ليهود بني عوف، وإن ليهود بني الحارث، مثل ما ليهود بني عوف؛ وإن ليهود بني ساعدة، ما ليهود بني عوف؛ وإن ليهود بني جشم، مثل ما ليهود بني عوف؛ وإن ليهود بني الأوس، مثل ما ليهود بني عوف؛ وإن ليهود بني ثعلبة، مثل ما ليهود بني عوف، إلا من ظلم وأثم، فإنه لا يوتغ إلا نفسه، وأهل بيته. اهـ.
4 - كان يعاملهم في الأمور المالية
رسولُ اللهِ صلَّى اللهُ عليهِ وسلَّمَ ودرعهُ مرهونةٌ عند يهوديٍّ، بثلاثين صاعًا من شعيرٍ لأهلِه الراوي : عبدالله بن عباس | المحدث : الألباني صحيح النسائي
5 - أجابهم عن جميع أسئلتهم
فقد روى الإمام أحمد بسنده عن ابن عباس قال: أقبلت يهود إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقالوا: يا أبا القاسم أنا نسألك عن خمسة أشياء، فإن أنبأتنا بهن عرفنا أنك نبي واتبعناك، فأخذ عليهم ما أخذ إسرائيل على بنيه إذ قالوا الله على ما نقول وكيل، قال: هاتوا، قالوا: أخبرنا عن علامة النبي، قال تنام عيناه ولا ينام قلبه، قالوا: أخبرنا كيف تؤنث المرأة وكيف تذكر، قال: يلتقى الماءان فإذا علا ماء الرجل ماء المرأة أذكرت، وإذا علا ماء المرأة ماء الرجل أنثت، قالوا: أخبرنا ما حرم إسرائيل على نفسه، قال: كان يشتكي عرق النسا فلم يجد شيئاً يلائمه إلا ألبان كذا وكذا، قال أبي قال: بعضهم يعني الإبل فحرم لحومها، قالوا: صدقت، قالوا: أخبرنا ما هذا الرعد، قال: ملك من ملائكة الله عز وجل موكل بالسحاب بيده أو في يده مخراق من نار يزجر به السحاب يسوقه حيث أمر الله، قالوا: فما هذا الصوت الذي يسمع، قال: صوته، قالوا: صدقت إنما بقيت واحدة وهي التي نبايعك أن أخبرتنا بها فإنه ليس من نبي إلا له ملك يأتيه بالخبر فأخبرنا من صاحبك، قال: جبريل عليه السلام، قالوا: جبريل ذاك الذي ينزل بالحرب والقتال والعذاب عدونا لو قلت ميكائيل الذي ينزل بالرحمة والنبات والقطر لكان، فأنزل الله عز وجل: من كان عدواً لجبريل.
6- لهم الحق في الحياة
لم يكن النبي ولا الصحابة يقتلون يهوديًا دون إثم، لكن الخيانة والغدر كانت العقوبة مستحقة.
لم يحاول النبي إجبار اليهود على التحول إلى الإسلام.
يشير مارك كوهين إلى أن الشعب اليهودي عاش تحت الحكم الإسلامي والتسامح والتكامل
يشير مارك كوهين إلى الفترة الزمنية باعتبارها "العصر الذهبي" لليهود في الأندلس، مع توفر المزيد من الفرص لهم، وجد الشعب اليهودي العزاء تحت الحكم الإسلامي خلال العصور الوسطى.
8- حق التملك
لقد اعترف الرسول بحق اليهود فيما يريدون ولم يحاول مصادرة ممتلكاتهم
لقد ضمن الرسول حماية اليهود الموجودين كمسلمين، وتعاونوا مع بعضهم البعض ضد الأعداء الخارجيين.
9- حق العدل ورد الظلم عنهم
لقد تعامل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم مع اليهود على أساس المساواة ورفع الظلم عنهم، حتى لو اضطهدهم المسلمون فإنه لا يتردد في الحكم لليهودي إذا كان على حق.
القصة المشهورة في وقت رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم
هذه الآيات تتكلم عن النبي الكريم محمد عليه الصلاة السلام وقصة حدثت في عهده وكاد أن يحكم فيها بظاهر القول الذى كان بين يده، حيث كان رجل من المهاجرين لديه سيف قوى كان يحبه ويحافظ عليه فوضعه في جوال للدقيق، وكان هناك رجل اسمه طُعمة بن أبيرك، يعرف أهمية السيف ومكان الذى خبأه فيه صاحبه، فدخل بيت الرجل ليلًا قاصدًا سرقة السيف، فحمل الجوال بما فيه من دقيق فأحدث قطع، فسال الدقيق فصنع خطًا على الأرض من بيت الرجل إلى بيت السارق، م حمل "طُعمة" الجوال من بيته إلى بيت رجل يهودي اسمه "زيد بن الثمين" فأحدث نفس الشيء خطًا على الأرض بالدقيق الأبيض، فحين استيقظ الرجل من نومه اكتشف حادثة السرقة فتتبع أثر الدقيق علي الأرض حتى وصل إلى بيت "طعمه بن أبيرك" فدخل لرجل وبحث عن السيف فلم يجده ولكنه وجد أثر آخر للدقيق على الأرض فتتبعه حتى وصل على بيت "زيد بن الثمين"، فبحث عن السيف حتى وجده في جوال الدقيق كما كان من قبل، فأمسك الرجل بالإثنين "طعمه وزيد " وتوجه بهما إلى رسول الله عليه الصلاة والسلام، فتواجدوا جميعًا أمام النبي كل منهم يحاول أن يدافع عن نفسه، فقال أهل "طعمه" أن اليهودى هو من سرق وقال اليهودى أن السيف آتى به "طعمه " ليضعه عنده كأمانه، فهم النبي صلي الله عليه وسلم أن يحكم بظاهر الأمر وأن طعمة بن أبيرك بريئ من السرقة، ولكن القرآن الكريم أظهر السارق الحقيقي
فقال القرآن
" إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَا إِلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ بِالْحَقِّ لِتَحْكُمَ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ بِمَا أَرَاكَ اللَّهُ وَلاَ تَكُن لِّلْخَائِنِينَ خَصِيمًا، وَاسْتَغْفِرِ اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ غَفُورًا رَّحِيمًا، َلاَ تُجَادِلْ عَنِ الَّذِينَ يَخْتَانُونَ أَنفُسَهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لاَ يُحِبُّ مَن كَانَ خَوَّانًا أَثِيمًا، يَسْتَخْفُونَ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَلاَ يَسْتَخْفُونَ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَهُوَ مَعَهُمْ إِذْ يُبَيِّتُونَ مَا لاَ يَرْضَى مِنَ الْقَوْلِ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ مُحِيطًا"
10- للنصارى حق ممارسة شعائرهم الدينية
قال ابن إسحاق : وحدثني محمد بن جعفر بن الزبير ، قال : قدموا على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم المدينة فدخلوا عليه مسجده حين صلى العصر ، عليهم ثياب الحبرات : جبب وأردية ، في جمال رجال بني الحارث بن كعب . قال : يقول بعض من رآهم من أصحاب النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم : ما رأينا بعدهم وفدا مثلهم . وقد حانت صلاتهم ، فقاموا في مسجد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يصلون ، فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : دعوهم فصلوا إلى المشرق .
وقد عرف الرسول صفاتهم الحميدة
مثل النجاشي: لما رأى الرسول ما أصاب أصحابه من الأذى، ولم يستطع حمايتهم، سمح لهم بالهجرة... إلى الحبشة؛ لأن فيها ملكاً لا يظلم عنده أحد.
11 - أجاز رسول الله حق المسلمين في اللجوء إلى بلاد المسيحيين
لقد مثلت الحبشة -أو مملكة أكسوم- حالة فريدة، حيث كانت دولة مسيحية، ولكنها لم تكن تابعة لبيزنطة، بل كانت تتبع الطائفة القبطية الأرثوذكسية التي اضطهدت من قِبل بيزنطة، مما خلق في السلطة السياسية هناك حالة من "التفاهم" لفكرة الفرار من الاضطهاد، وهي لا ترتبط باتفاقيات مع قريش، بل لعلاقتها بقريش وشبه الجزيرة العربية، وكانت فاترة نتيجة للدعم العربي لطرد الأحباش من اليمن، التي كانوا يحتلونها، ونتيجة للحملة الحبشية بقيادة أبرهة، والتي سبق أن أغارت على مكة. والوصول إليها لا يتطلب المخاطرة بسلوك الطرق التي تمر عبر حلفاء قريش، كل ما يتطلبه الأمر هو الوصول إلى بعض موانئ البحر الأحمر، مثل جدة أو ينبع، ثم عبور البحر نفسه بالسفن.
12 - المُصالحة معهم
"فكتب رسول الله -صلى الله عليه وسلم- كتاباً إلى أهل نجران:
"بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، من محمد النبي إلى الأسقف أبي الحارث وأساقفة نجران، ورهبانهم، ورهبانهم، وكل ما تحت أيديهم صغيراً كان أو كبيراً فهو ذمة الله ورسوله، لا يبدل أسقف أسقفيته، ولا راهب عن رهبانيته، ولا قسيس عن كهنوته، ولا يتغير شيء من حقوقهم، ولا سلطانهم، ولم يفعلوا شيئاً من ذلك، لم يكن جانب الله ورسوله عليهم براً ولا نزيهاً، لا مظلوماً ولا ظالماً."
Before we start to discuss the dealings of the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, with the Jews and Christians specifically (the People of the Book), i.e. the heavenly book, we must know that in the Islamic faith, the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, is the final Messenger, i.e. there is no Messenger after him, and those before him must enter his religion, may Allah bless him and grant him peace (Islam). You are well aware that people follow the religion of their kings, as they say, so what about religious rule - if the expression is correct - so read how the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, dealt with the Christians and Jews, and try to remember historically: what the Christian and Jewish kings did when they ruled any country, and what they did to the Muslims, and even the Jews... I will leave you with a calm reading without stereotypical ideas... Thank you.First: How did the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - deal with the People of the Book?
- Hakim bin Hazam passed by Umair bin Saad while he was torturing people for tax in the sun, and he said: O Umair, I heard the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, saying: (Indeed, God punishes those who torture people in this world.) He said: Go and let them go.
1- God Almighty protects freedom of belief
Allah says
(لَا إِكْرَاهَ فِي الدِّينِ ۖ قَد تَّبَيَّنَ الرُّشْدُ مِنَ الْغَيِّ ۚ)
(There is no compulsion in religion. Rightliness has been clearly distinguished from error.)
We note that the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, is the one who conveyed the Qur’an to us as Muslims, and he says what he actually does, may God bless him and grant him peace.
2- He was visiting their patient
On the authority of Anas bin Malik, may God be pleased with him, he said: “A Jewish boy was serving the Prophet - may God bless him and grant him peace - and he fell ill and came to visit him, So he sat at his head and said to him: (I became a Muslim), so he looked at his father while he was with him and said to him: Obey Abu Al-Qasim, so he became a Muslim, Then the Prophet - may God bless him and grant him peace - came out and said: (Praise be to God who saved him from Hell) “Narrated by Al-Bukhari.
We note: The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, is the final Messenger (Muslim belief), so it is very natural that he would call him to Islam.
3- He accepted the gift from them
Abu Hamid said: The king of Aila gave the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, a white mule, and he covered him with a cloak (a striped garment to cover himself with) and wrote for him in their village, Ibn Ishaq mentioned this in his biography. He said: When the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, reached Tabuk, he came to him with Hannah bin Ru’bah, the owner of Aila, So he reconciled with him and gave him the tribute, and the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, wrote a letter to him, which they have: In the name of God, the most gracious, the most merciful . This is a trust from God and Muhammad the Prophet is the Messenger of God for Bahna bin Ru’bah and the people of Aila,” so he reminded him, He mentioned the story of the Judaism and its gifting of the poisoned sheep to the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace.
It is narrated on the authority of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, that he accepted a gift from the Jewish woman when she presented him with a sheep during the Battle of Khaybar.
And (the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, responded to the invitation of a Jew who invited him in Medina for barley bread and a lot of oil)
4- He is signing treaties with them
The Christians also have the right to practice their religious rituals and not be forced to convert to Islam, so he signed treaties with them, such as the treaties with the Christians of Najran, and with the Christians of Jarba and Adhar, where they protect themselves and their money from aggression
The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, concluded an alliance with the Jews, as stated in the text of the document
And the believers are allies of one another, not of the people; and whoever follows us from the Jews, then he will have victory and equality, not oppressed, nor will they be aided against them....And the Jews spend with the believers as long as they are at war; and the Jews of Banu Awf are a nation with the believers, for the Jews their religion, and the Muslims their religion, their allies and themselves, except for the one who is unjust and sinful, for he only harms himself and his family, and the Jews of Banu al-Najjar have the same as the Jews of Banu Awf, and the Jews of Banu al-Harith have the same as the Jews of Banu Awf; and the Jews of Banu Sa'idah have the same as the Jews of Banu Awf; The Jews of Banu Jashm have the same rights as the Jews of Banu Awf; the Jews of Banu Aws have the same rights as the Jews of Banu Awf; and the Jews of Banu Tha’laba have the same rights as the Jews of Banu Awf, except for the one who commits injustice and sins, for he only harms himself and his family.
5 - He dealt with them in financial matters
On the authority of Ibn Abbas, he said: (The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, died with his armor mortgaged for twenty saa’s, Of the food he took to his family. Al-Tirmidhi said: This is a good and authentic hadith.
6 - He answered all their questions
Imam Ahmad narrated with his chain of transmission on the authority of Ibn Abbas, who said: Jews came to the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and said: O Abu al-Qasim, we ask you about five things, If you inform us of them, we will know that you are a prophet and we will follow you, and we will take upon them what Israel took upon his children When they said, “God is the Protector of what we say.” He said, “Come.” They said, “Tell us about the sign of the Prophet, He said: His eyes sleep but his heart does not sleep. They said: Tell us: How does a woman become feminine and how does she become masculine? told us what Israel forbade himself. He said: He was suffering from sciatica and did not find anything that suited him except such-and-such dairy, my father said: Some of them meant camels, so their meat was forbidden. They said: You are right. They said: Tell us what this thunder is, He said: An angel from the angels of God Almighty entrusted with the clouds in his hand, or in his hand is a prick of fire with which he repulses the clouds and drives them wherever God commands, He said: An angel from the angels of God Almighty entrusted with the clouds in his hand, or in his hand is a prick of fire with which he repulses the clouds and drives them wherever God commands, they said: What is this voice that is heard? He said: His voice. They said: You have spoken the truth, but one remains, and it is the one we pledge allegiance to you if you tell us about it, there is no prophet except that he has an angel who brings him the news, so tell us who your friend is, He said: Gabriel, peace be upon him. They said: Gabriel is the one who sends down war, fighting, and torment, our enemy. If you said Michael is the one who sends down mercy, plants, and drops, it would be so, Then God Almighty revealed: Whoever is an enemy of Gabriel. To the end of the verse. finish.
7- They have the right to life
Neither the Prophet nor the Companions would kill a Jew without sin, but for betrayal and treachery the punishment was punishable.
The Prophet did not try to force the Jews to convert to Islam
Mark Cohen points out that the Jewish people lived under Islamic rule, tolerance and integration
Mark Cohen refers to the time period as a “golden age” for Jews in Andalusia, with more opportunities available to them, the Jewish people found solace under Islamic rule during the Middle Ages.
8 - The right to own property
The Prophet recognized the right of the Jews to what they wanted and did not attempt to confiscate their property
The Messenger guaranteed the protection of existing Jews as Muslims, and they cooperate with each other against external enemies.
9 - The right to justice and redress of injustice
The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, dealt with the Jews on the basis of equality and lifted injustice from them. Even if the Muslims persecuted them, he did not hesitate to rule in favor of the Jew if he was right.
The famous story in the time of the Messenger of Allah, may God bless him and grant him peace
These verses speak about the noble Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, and a story that happened during his time, and he almost ruled on it based on the apparent meaning of the statement he had in his hand. There was a man from the immigrants who had a strong sword that he loved and preserved, so he put it in a sack of flour. There was a man named Tu’mah ibn Abirak, who knew the importance of the sword and the place where its owner had hidden it. He entered the man’s house at night intending to steal the sword, so he carried the sack with the flour in it and made a cut, and the flour ran out and made a line on the ground from the man’s house to the thief’s house, Tumah carried the of the sack from his house to the house of a Jewish man named "Zaid bin Al-Thamin", and he made the same thing, a line on the ground with white flour. When the man woke up from his sleep, he discovered the theft incident, so he followed the trace of flour on the ground until he reached the house of "Ta'mah bin Abirak". He entered the man's house and searched for the sword, but he did not find it, but he found another trace of flour on the ground, so he followed it until he reached the house of "Zaid bin Al-Thamin". He searched for the sword until he found it in the flour sack as it was before. The man grabbed the two of them "Ta'mah and Zaid" and went with them to the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace. They all appeared before the Prophet, each one trying to defend himself. The people of "Ta'mah" said that the Jew was the one who stole, and the Jew said that "Ta'mah" brought the sword to put it with him as a trust. The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, understood that he should judge by the appearance of the matter and that Ta'mah bin Abirak was innocent of the theft, but the Holy Quran revealed the real thief, So, The Qur'an said
" إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَا إِلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ بِالْحَقِّ لِتَحْكُمَ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ بِمَا أَرَاكَ اللَّهُ وَلاَ تَكُن لِّلْخَائِنِينَ خَصِيمًا، وَاسْتَغْفِرِ اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ غَفُورًا رَّحِيمًا، َلاَ تُجَادِلْ عَنِ الَّذِينَ يَخْتَانُونَ أَنفُسَهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لاَ يُحِبُّ مَن كَانَ خَوَّانًا أَثِيمًا، يَسْتَخْفُونَ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَلاَ يَسْتَخْفُونَ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَهُوَ مَعَهُمْ إِذْ يُبَيِّتُونَ مَا لاَ يَرْضَى مِنَ الْقَوْلِ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ مُحِيطًا"
Indeed, We have sent down to you, [O Muhammad], the Book in truth so that you may judge between the people by that which Allah has shown you. And do not be an advocate for the deceitful. And ask forgiveness of Allah. Indeed, Allah is ever Forgiving and Merciful. Do not argue on behalf of those who deceive themselves, Indeed, Allah does not like anyone who is a traitor and a sinner. They hide themselves from the people but do not hide themselves from Allah, and He is with them when they plot against Him in speech. And ever is Allah encompassing of what they do.
10 - The Christians had the right to practice their religious rituals
Ibn Ishaq said: Muhammad ibn Ja`far ibn al-Zubayr told me: They came to the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, in Medina and entered his mosque when he had prayed the afternoon prayer. They were wearing the clothes of the Habrat: cloaks and robes, in the beauty of the men of Banu al-Harith ibn Ka`b, He said: Some of the companions of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, who saw them said: We have never seen a delegation like them after them. And the time for their prayer came, so they stood in the mosque of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, to pray. Then the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: Leave them, so they prayed facing the east.
11- The Prophet defined their good qualities
Like the Negus: When the Messenger saw the persecution of his companions, and was unable to provide them with protection, he allowed them to emigrate... to Abyssinia; For there is a king under whom no one is wronged.”
12- The Messenger of God permitted the right of Muslims to seek refuge in the lands of Christians
Abyssinia - or the Kingdom of Aksum - represented a unique situation, as it was a Christian state, but it did not belong to Byzantium, rather, it follows the Coptic Orthodox sect, which was persecuted by Byzantium, which created in the political authority there a state of “understanding” for the idea of escaping persecution, It is not linked to agreements with the Quraish, but rather its relationship with the Quraish and the Arabian Peninsula, It was lukewarm as a result of Arab support for the expulsion of the Abyssinians from Yemen, Which they were occupying, and as a result of the Abyssinian campaign led by Abraha, which had previously raided Mecca. Reaching it does not require the risk of taking roads that pass-through allies of the Quraysh, all that is required is to reach some Red Sea ports, such as Jeddah or Yanbu, and then cross the same sea by ship.
His reconciliation with them
So the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - wrote a letter to the people of Najran:
“In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, from Muhammad the Prophet to Bishop Abu Al-Harith and the bishops of Najran, And their priests, and their monks, And all that is under their hands, whether small or large, is the protection of God and His Messenger, A bishop does not change his bishopric, Not a monk from his monastic order, nor a priest from his priesthood, none of their rights, nor their authority, will be changed, nor did they do anything like that, The side of God and His Messenger have never been righteous and sincere over them, neither afflicted with injustice nor wrongdoers.”
In another narration
Bishop Abu Al-Harith came to the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and with him was Al-Sayyid Al-Aqib and the leaders of his people, and they stayed with him, listening to what God Almighty revealed, He wrote this letter to the bishop and to the bishops of Najran after him, saying in it: (In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, from Muhammad, the Prophet, Messenger of God, to Bishop Abu Al-Harth and the bishops of Najran, Their priests, their monks, their merchants, and their slaves, and all that is under their hands, whether little or much, A bishop may not change his bishopric, a monk from his monastic order, nor a priest from his priesthood, It does not change any of their rights, their authority, or what they used to be, they will have the protection of God Almighty and His Messenger forever, they are not sincere and correct, not burdened by injustice or wrongdoers.)
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