إحصاء رقمي لأعداد المعُتقين في الإسلام شراءاً
وقد ورد أن الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم أعتق 63 نسمة، وأعتقت عائشة رضي الله عنها69، وأعتق أبو بكر رضي الله عنه كثيرًا، وأعتق العباس رضي الله عنه سبعين عبدًا، وأعتق عثمان رضي الله عنه عشرين، وأعتق حكيم بن حزام رضي الله عنه مائة، وأعتق عبد الله بن عمر -رضى الله عنهما-ألفًا، وأعتق عبد الرحمن بن عوف ثلاثين ألف نسمة
شراء رسول الله للعبيد وتحريرهم
حديث جابر رضي الله عنه
" جَاءَ عَبْدٌ فَبَايَعَ النبيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عليه وسلَّمَ علَى الهِجْرَةِ، وَلَمْ يَشْعُرْ أنَّهُ عَبْدٌ، فَجَاءَ سَيِّدُهُ يُرِيدُهُ، فَقالَ له النبيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عليه وسلَّمَ: (بعْنِيهِ)، فَاشْتَرَاهُ بعَبْدَيْنِ أَسْوَدَيْنِ، ثُمَّ لَمْ يُبَايِعْ أَحَدًا بَعْدُ حتَّى يَسْأَلَهُ: أَعَبْدٌ هُوَ؟
قال القرطبي تعليقاً علي هذا الحديث
" فيه دليل: على أن الأصل في الناس الحرية، ولذلك لم يسأله؛ إذ حمله على ذلك الأصل، حيث لم يظهر له ما يخرجه عن ذلك؛ ولو لم يكن الأمر كذلك، لتعين أن يسأله
وفال القرطبي أيضاً
هذا إنما فعله النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم على مقتضى مكارم أخلاقه، ورغبة في تحصيل ثواب العتق، وكراهية أن يفسخ له عقد الهجرة. فحصل له العتق، وثبت له الولاء. فهذا المعتق مولى للنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم غير أنه لا يعرف اسمه
يقول ابن القيم
وكان هديه صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عِتقَ عبيدِ المشركين إذا خرجُوا إلى المسلمين، وأسلموا، ويقول: (هُمْ عُتَقَاءُ اللهِ عَزَّ وجَلَّ) أخرجه أبو داود
تحرير سيدنا أبو بكر الصديق للعبيد
والد أبو بكر الصديق يلومه علي تحرير العبيد
القرآن الكريم - تفسير البغوي - تفسير سورة الليل - الآية 18. ( الذي يؤتي ماله ) يعطي ماله ( يتزكى ) يطلب أن يكون عند الله زاكيا لا رياء ولا سمعة ، يعني أبا بكر الصديق ، في قول الجميع . قال ابن الزبير : كان أبو بكر يبتاع الضعفة فيعتقهم ، فقال أبوه : أي بني لو كنت تبتاع من يمنع ظهرك ؟
ومعني تبتاع من يمنع ظهرك
أي يكون لك يد علي ذو منصب وقع في مشكلة حتي يكون ظهراً لك في أي محنة تقع فيها، وهذه فكرة دنيوية عند معظم الناس، أما من يعرف الله تبارك وتعالي فإن من يقف في ظهرك هو رب الضعفاء وبنفسه ، حيث أنه فقُه حديث رسول الله صلي اله عليه وسلم جيداً الذي يقول فيه (حديث أبي الدرداء رضي الله عنه قال: سمعت النبي صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم يقول: «ابْغُونِي فِي ضُعَفَائِكُمْ؛ فَإِنَّمَا تُرْزَقُونَ وَتُنْصَرُونَ بِضُعَفَائِكُمْ» رواه الإمام أحمد في "المسند"، وأبو داود والترمذي)
ونزلت سورة الأعلي وبها آية
قال تعالي
( وسيجنبها الأتقى الذي يؤتي ماله يتزكى وما لأحد عنده من نعمة تجزى ) نزلت في ابو بكر الصديق رضي الله عنه وارضاه بإجماع العلماء قديما وحديثا
1- شراء سيدنا بلال بن رباح
3544 حدثنا أبو نعيم حدثنا عبد العزيز بن أبي سلمة عن محمد بن المنكدر أخبرنا جابر بن عبد الله رضي الله عنهما قال كان عمر يقول أبو بكر سيدنا وأعتق سيدنا يعني بلالا
قصة عتق بلال بن رباح رضي الله عنه وأرضاه
بلال بن رباح واسم أمه حمامة، وكان صادق الإسلام طاهر القلب ، وكان أمية بن خلف يخرجه إذا حميت الظهيرة فيطرحه على ظهره ببطحاء مكة ، ثم يأمر بالصخرة العظيمة فتوضع على صدره ، ثم يقول له : لا تزال هكذا حتى تموت ، أو تكفر بمحمد ، فيقول وهو في ذلك البلاء : أحدٌ أحد ، فمر أبو بكر يوما وهم يصنعون به ذلك ، وكانت دار أبي بكر في بني جمح ، فقال لأمية ألا تتقي الله تعالى في هذا المسكين ؟ قال : أنت أفسدته فأنقذه مما ترى ، قال أبو بكر: أفعل! عندي غلام أسود أجلد منه وأقوى، على دينك، أعطيك؟ قال: قد فعلت فأعطاه أبو بكر غلامه وأخذ بلال فأعتقه
وجاء في الحديث الشريف
3545 حدثنا ابن نمير عن محمد بن عبيد حدثنا إسماعيل عن قيس أن بلالا قال لأبي بكر إن كنت إنما اشتريتني لنفسك فأمسكني وإن كنت إنما اشتريتني لله فدعني، وعمل الله
ومفاد الحديث
أن العبد بعد تحريره يكون ولاءه للسيد الجديد، هذا عُرف، فإذا حرره لله تعالي فلا يعمل عنده، وهذا ما استوثق منه سيدنا بلال رضي الله عنه وأرضاه، وقد كان ما أراد.
وفي رواية أخري
[ ص: 38 ] حدثنا محمد بن أحمد بن الحسن ، ثنا محمد بن عثمان بن أبي شيبة ، ثنا عمي أبو بكر ، وسعيد بن عمر ، قالا : ثنا سفيان ، عن إسماعيل ، عن قيس ، قال : اشترى أبو بكر بلالا وهو مدفون بالحجارة بخمس أواق ذهبا ، فقالوا : لو أبيت إلا أوقية لبعناكه ، قال : لو أبيتم إلا مائة أوقية لأخذته .
شراء وعتق سيدنا أبو بكر (6 رقاب) غير بلال بن رباح
لقد أعتق سيدنا أبو بكر الصديق على الإسلام قبل أن يهاجر ست، بلال سابعهم
1- عامر بن فهيرة
شهد بدرا وأحدا، وقتل يوم بئر معونة شهيدا
2- أم عميس
3- زنيرة
فأصيب بصرها حين أعتقها، فقالت قريش : ما أذهب بصرها إلا اللات والعزى [ فقالت : كذبوا وبيت الله ما تضر اللات والعزى ] ، وما تنفعان فرد الله إليها بصرها
4، 5 النهدية وابنتها
وكانتا لامرأة من بني عبد الدار فمر بهما وقد بعثتهما سيدتهما تحطبان لها وهي تقول والله لا أعتقكما أبدا . فقال أبو بكر ، خلا يا أم فلان ، فقالت : خلا أنت أفسدتهما فأعتقهما ، قال [ أبو بكر - رضي الله عنه - ] فبكم ؟ قالت : بكذا وكذا ، قال : قد أخذتهما وهما حرتان
7- جارية بني المؤمل
ومر بجارية بني المؤمل وهي تعذب فابتاعها فأعتقها .
الشراء يكون من مصارف الزكاة
إنّ أحد الموارد الثمانية لصرف الزكاة في الإسلام شراء العبيد وعتقهم (1) ، وبهذا فقد خصصت ميزانية دائمية في بيت المال لتنفيذ هذا الأمر ، وهي مستمرة حتى إعتاق العبيد جميعاً.
قال تعالي
(إِنَّمَا الصَّدَقَاتُ لِلْفُقَرَاءِ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَالْعَامِلِينَ عَلَيْهَا وَالْمُؤَلَّفَةِ قُلُوبُهُمْ وَفِي الرِّقَابِ وَالْغَارِمِينَ وَفِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ فَرِيضَةً مِنَ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ) التوبة/60عن ابنِ عبَّاسٍ رَضِيَ اللهُ عنهما، قال: (أعْتِقْ مِن زكاةِ مالِك)
1- للمكاتبين
المكاتب الذي اشترى نفسه من سيده بدراهم مؤجلة في ذمته، فيعطى ما يوفي به سيده.
يجوزُ دفْع الزَّكاةِ إلى المُكاتَبين، وهذا مَذهَبُ الجُمهورِ: الحنفيَّة، والشافعيَّة، والحَنابِلَة، وهو روايةٌ عن مالكٍ، وقولُ ابنِ حزمٍ، وبه قال أكثرُ العُلَماءِ
2- للعتق
رقيق مملوك اشْتُرِيَ من الزكاة ليعتق
3- الأسير المُسلم
أسير مسلم أسره الكفار فيعطى الكفار من الزكاة لفكهم هذا الأسير
4- الاختطاف
فلو اختطف كافر أو مسلم أحد من المسلمين فلا بأس أن يفدى هذا المختطف بشيء من الزكاة، لأن العلة واحدة، وهي فكاك المسلم من الأسر، وهذا إذا لم يمكننا أن نرغم المختطف على فكاكه بدون بذل المال إذا كان المختطف من المسلمين.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------A numerical census of the numbers of those freed in Islam by purchase
It has been reported that the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, freed 63 people, Aisha, may God be pleased with her, freed 69, Abu Bakr, may God be pleased with him, freed many, Al-Abbas, may God be pleased with him, freed seventy slaves, Uthman, may God be pleased with him, freed twenty, Hakim bin Hizam, may God be pleased with him, freed one hundred, Abdullah bin Omar, may God be pleased with them both, freed one thousand, and Abd al-Rahman bin Awf freed thirty thousand people.
The Messenger of Allah's purchase and liberation of slaves
Hadith of Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him)
"A slave came and pledged allegiance to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to emigrate, and he did not realize that he was a slave. Then his master came wanting him, so the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to him: (Sell him to me), so he bought him for two black slaves, then he did not pledge allegiance to anyone after that until he asked him: Is he a slave?
Al-Qurtubi said in his commentary on this hadith
"It is evidence that the basic principle for people is freedom, and therefore he did not ask him; because he carried him on that principle, since nothing appeared to him that would take him out of that; If this were not the case, he would have to ask him
Al-Qurtubi also said
This is what the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) did based on his noble character, and out of a desire to obtain the reward of emancipation, and his dislike for the contract of emigration to be annulled. So he was emancipated and his loyalty was confirmed. This emancipated person is a client of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), but his name is not known
Ibn al-Qayyim says
His guidance (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) was to emancipate the slaves of the polytheists if they went out to the Muslims and converted to Islam, and he would say: (They are the emancipated ones of Allaah, the Mighty and Sublime) Narrated by Abu Dawood
The liberation of our master Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq of slaves
Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq's father blames him for liberating slaves
The Holy Quran - Tafsir Al-Baghawi - Tafsir of Surat Al-Layl - Verse 18. (He who gives his wealth) gives his wealth (to be purified) seeks to be pure with Allah, not showing off or seeking fame, meaning Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, according to everyone's opinion. Ibn Al-Zubayr said: Abu Bakr used to buy the weak and free them, so his father said: O my son, if you were to buy someone who would protect your back?
The meaning of buying someone who protects your back
That is, you have a hand on someone in a position who has fallen into trouble so that he can be your back in any ordeal you encounter. This is a worldly idea for most people. As for those who know Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, then the one who stands behind you is the Lord of the weak and Himself, as he understood the hadith of the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, well, in which he says (The hadith of Abu al-Darda’, may Allah be pleased with him, said: I heard the Prophet, may Allah bless him and his family and grant them peace, say: “Seek me in your weak ones; for you are provided for and aided by your weak ones.” Narrated by Imam Ahmad in “al-Musnad,” Abu Dawud, and al-Tirmidhi)
And Surah al-A’la was revealed, and in it is a verse
Allah the Almighty said
(And he will be kept away from it who gives his wealth to purify himself, and no one has a favor with him for which he would be rewarded)
It was revealed about Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, may Allah be pleased with him and satisfy him, by the consensus of scholars Old and new
1- Buying our master Bilal bin Rabah
3544 Abu Naim narrated to us, Abdul Aziz bin Abi Salamah narrated to us, on the authority of Muhammad bin Al-Munkadir, Jabir bin Abdullah, may Allah be pleased with them both, said: Omar used to say Abu Bakr is our master and he freed our master, meaning Bilal
The story of freeing Bilal bin Rabah, may Allah be pleased with him and satisfy him
Bilal bin Rabah, whose mother's name was Hamamah, was a true Muslim and pure of heart. Umayyah bin Khalaf used to take him out when the afternoon was hot and throw him on his back in the plain of Mecca, then he would order a huge rock to be placed on his chest, then he would say to him: You remain like this until you die, or you disbelieve in Muhammad, so he would say while he was in that affliction: One, one, Abu Bakr passed by one day while they were doing that to him, and Abu Bakr's house was in Bani Jumah, so he said to Umayyah, don't you fear Allah Almighty in this poor man? He said: You have corrupted him, so save him from what you see, Abu Bakr said: I will! I have a black slave who is more masculine and stronger than him, in your religion, should I give him? He said: I did so, so Abu Bakr gave him his slave and took Bilal and freed him.
It is mentioned in the noble hadith
3545 Ibn Numayr told us on the authority of Muhammad ibn Ubayd, Ismail told us on the authority of Qays that Bilal said to Abu Bakr: If you only bought me for yourself, then keep me, and if you only bought me for God, then leave me, and God will work.
The meaning of the hadith
is that after the slave is freed, his loyalty is to the new master. This is customary. If he frees him for God Almighty, then he does not work for him. This is what our master Bilal, may God be pleased with him and satisfy him, was certain of, and what he wanted happened.
In another narration
[p. 38] Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Al-Hasan told us, Muhammad bin Othman bin Abi Shaybah told us, my uncle Abu Bakr and Saeed bin Omar told us, they said: Sufyan narrated to us, on the authority of Ismail, on the authority of Qais, who said: Abu Bakr bought Bilal while he was buried under stones, he said: If you insist on less than one ounce, I will sell it to you. He said: If you insist on less than one hundred ounces, I will take it.
Buying and freeing our master Abu Bakr (6 slaves) other than Bilal bin Rabah
Our master Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq freed six before he emigrated to Islam, Bilal was the seventh of them
1- Aamer bin Fuhaira
He witnessed Badr and Uhud, and was martyred on the day of Bir Ma'unah
2- Umm Umays
3- Zunayrah
Her eyesight was damaged when he freed her, so the Quraysh said: Nothing took her eyesight except Al-Lat and Al-Uzza [She said: They lied, by the House of Allah, Al-Lat and Al-Uzza do not harm] nor do they benefit, so Allah restored her eyesight to her
4, 5 Al-Nahdiyyah and her daughter
They belonged to a woman from Banu Abd Al-Dar, so he passed by them and their mistress had sent them to cut firewood for her, and she was saying: By Allah, I will never free you. Abu Bakr said: Leave them alone, O mother of so-and-so, so she said: Leave them alone, you have corrupted them, so he freed them, he said [Abu Bakr - may Allah be pleased with him -] How much? She said: For such and such. He said: I have taken them, and they are free.
7- The slave girl of Banu al-Mu'ammil
He passed by the slave girl of Banu al-Mu'ammil while she was being tortured, so he bought her and set her free.
The purchase is from the zakat expenditures
One of the eight sources for spending zakat in Islam is the purchase and emancipation of slaves. Thus, a permanent budget has been allocated in the treasury to implement this matter, and it will continue until all slaves are emancipated.
Allah says
(إِنَّمَا الصَّدَقَاتُ لِلْفُقَرَاءِ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَالْعَامِلِينَ عَلَيْهَا وَالْمُؤَلَّفَةِ قُلُوبُهُمْ وَفِي الرِّقَابِ وَالْغَارِمِينَ وَفِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ فَرِيضَةً مِنَ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ) التوبة/60(Zakat expenditures are only for the poor and the needy and those employed to collect [zakat] and those whose hearts are to be reconciled and to free necks and those in debt and for the cause of Allah and for the wayfarer - an obligation imposed by Allah. And Allah is Knowing and Wise.) At-Tawbah/60On the authority of Ibn Abbas, may God be pleased with them both, he said: (Free slves from the zakat of your wealth)
1- For those who are in a state of the emancipation
The emancipated person is the one who bought himself from his master with deferred dirhams in his possession, so he is given what he pays his master.
It is permissible to pay zakat to those who are freed, and this is the view of the majority: the Hanafis, Shafi’is, and Hanbalis. It is a narration from Malik, and the statement of Ibn Hazm, and most scholars have said the same.
2- The emancipation
A slave who is owned and bought with zakat to be emancipated
3- The Muslim prisoner
A Muslim prisoner who is taken prisoner by the infidels, so the infidels are given zakat to release this prisoner
4- The kidnapping
If a Muslim or an infidel kidnaps a Muslim, there is nothing wrong with ransoming this kidnapped person with some zakat, because the reason is the same, which is to release a Muslim from captivity. This is if we cannot force the kidnapped person to release him without paying money if the kidnapped person is a Muslim.
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